Histopathology

Question: Discuss every section of histological staining regarding the clinical history. Give detail description of "special stains and their application". Answer: Introduction Stainingis an assisting system used in microscopyto mend contrast in the microscopicalsamples.Staining has immense importance in histology and immunohistochemistry. Histological stains are conventionally vital in order to observe cell arrangements and intracellular or extracellular constituents at the microscopic level. Histopathology is a very important tool for diagnosing patients and finding out the exact disease they are suffering with (1). Stains are acquired either from natural sources or from synthetically produced. These stains are used in histopathology for detection of carcinomas, infections and other tissue abnormalities. The histopathological staining are dependent on staining of various cell components, tissue pigment, foreign bodies and fungal or bacterial microorganisms (2). Histological staining are categorized based on biochemical and physical principles. The most commonly used staining methods are HE staining, special staining and Immunohistochemical staining (5). T he principle aim of this report is to find out the issues in the given sample by usage of various staining techniques. Background information Haematoxylin and eosin stain(HE stain) is one of the principalstainsinvented forhistological purposes. It is the most extensively used dye inclinical diagnosisand is often provides thegold standard (3). This stain is very important in biopsycell observation of a suspectedcancer (4). A combination of haematoxylinandeosin producesblues orviolets, and reds pigments. Haematoxylin binds to DNA and RNA and dye the nuclei blue or violet. Eosin fixes to the proteins or amino acids and stains them red or pink (5). Intracellular cell membrane, cytoplasmic filaments in muscle tissue, and extracellular fibres mainly get stained by eosin (3). A drawback of haematoxylin staining is that it is incompatible with immunofluorescence. Microscopic description of HE slide An HE stained slide appears under optical microscope as follows: Blue or purple coloured nuclei Cytoplasm, basophils, erythrocytes and muscles cells all appear red in colour Collagen and mitochondria are stained pale pink (3) In the give slide the section showed the followings: Focal a typical cells within lower half squamous epithelium These cells have extrinsic nuclei with clear cytoplasm Sub epithelium contain pigment laden macrophages There was no evidence of invasive malignance After examining the clinical history and HE slide, no cancer cell specific patter of condensation of heterochromatin was observed. Material and methods The four selected stains based on microscopic observation were Perls, Masson-Fontana, PAS, and Masson Trichrome (Halls modification). Perls stain Perls stain was chosen because the pigment observed in the sub epithelium layer. PAS staining was performed to check if the epithelium pigment is hemosiderin. This stain is mainly used in laboratories to discover the occurrence of iron deposits in biopsy specimen (6). Ferriciron deposits in the sample tissue (existing typically as ferric iron inside the storage proteinferritin) then react with the solvable ferrocyanide present in the stain to creates an insoluble bluedye (a complex hydrated ferric ferrocyanide substance)in situ. They are then visualized under microscope as blue or purple pigments within the cells (7).This staining formula is also famous as Perls Prussian blue staining technique. To evaluate the results found during HE staining Perls staining can be performed. It can confirm the previous findings. Masson-Fontana stain This stain was also chosen for the present of pigments in the sub epithelium. Masson-Fontana stain will show positive results if the pigment is melanin and negative result for hemosiderin. This staining method is designed for the histopathological analysis of melanocytic lesions. It could be essential to detect the melanin pigments because its imagining is much undefined with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining (8). The Fontana-Masson (FM) method is used in histopathology in those type of lesion which permits the identification of the pigment. Fontana-Masson technique is very effective for the observation and identification of the melanin pigment. It also has the benefit of escalating the usual birefringence of collagen fibres and to specifically detect them with the help of polarized light microscopy (9). Diverse procedures should be used and deduced in parallel ways and an association of these outcomes must be further implemented. Thus, for the appraisal and analysis of pigmented mela nocytic lacerations, the improvement of methods that permit a wide-ranging valuation of lesions in a histological sample would be convenient. PAS staining Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining should be performed because of infection detection in connective tissue. The connective tissue shows the presence of fungal infection. This staining is a good choice for highlighting basement cells. Intact basement membrane will discard the chances of invasive carcinoma. PASstaining system used to discover polysaccharides such as glycogen, and mucosubstances such as glycolipids, glycoproteins, and mucins in tissues (10). PAS stain can be selected to support in the diagnosis of numerous health situations (11) like: Glycogen storage disease Ewing sarcoma Adenocarcinomas Alveolar soft part sarcoma Paget disease of the breast Staining of macrophagesinWhipple's disease Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis It can be utilized to diagnose1-antitrypsin insufficiency if periportal liver hepatocytes stain is affirmative Identification of fungalinfection. The cell walls of fungi stain magenta. This stain only works on living fungi Aggregates of PAS-positive lymphocytes are present in epidermis inMycosis fungoidesand Sezary syndrome called Pautrier micro abscesses It is used to detect glycogen in lung biopsy samples with pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) Erythroleukaemia, a leukaemia of young red blood corpuscle. These cells tint a bright fuchsia It can be used to highpoint super cross-linked lipids inclusions inceroid lipofuscinosis(NCL) The PAS stain is almost as good as GMS staining in selection for fungal infection. It truly reveals fungal morphology superior than the silver stain. This stain can colour disintegrated fungi that may not be visible on HE stain (11). Calcific bodies which are occasionally found in caseating granulomas are also marked with PAS stain and can be mistaken as yeast-like fungi. It is the stain of choice to check the presence of fungal infection and to demonstrate the nuclei of yeast-like cells. There are some drawbacks of using only the HE stain for fungi identification. It is often problematic to separate unwell stained fungi from cell elements. Fungi can be certainly unnoticed in HE stained samples (3). The morphological structures may not be apparent and at times can be confusing. Therefore special stains for fungal infection detection are essential for histopathological assessment (2). Most fungi can be readily demonstrated with the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). PAS is also denoted as br oad spectrum fungal stains. Schiff's reagent or PAS Kit is kept under room temperature. So, no extra time is necessary to warm the reagent and the result is achieved more rapidly (11). Massons trichrome staining Masson's trichrome is a three-colour stainingprocedure applied inhistology. It is suitable for differentiatingcells from adjacent connective tissue (12). Massons trichrome staining was done to separate sub-epithelial collagenisation. The presence of uniform normal fibrosis can be detected by this staining which will eliminate the chances of squamous cell carcinomas. Weigert'shaematoxylin is applied for nuclei staining The Plasma stain containsacid fuchsin,glacial acetic acid, Xylidine Ponceau, and distilled water Solution B containsphosphomolybdic acidin distilled water Solution C also calledfibre stain. It contains Light Green SF yellowish, or alternativelyFast Green FCF. It is used to stain collagen (15) Massons trichrome staining is effectively used to analyse cardiac pathologies (infarct), muscular pathologies (muscular dystrophy), hepatic pathologies (cirrhosis) or kidney pathologies (glomerular fibrosis). Furthermore, it can be utilized to identify and analyse tumours on kidney and hepatic biopsies (13). Immunohistochemistry stain Immunohistochemical staining is extensively used in the diagnosis of irregular cell growth such as those initiate in cancerous tumours.AE1 / AE3 can highlight the squamous epithelium as this is a broad spectrum cytokerain marker (14). If carcinoma is present the cells will take up the cytokeratin stain. If not chances of invasive malignancy will be ruled out. Other histopathological stains Several other stains are available for performing different histological tests. Mallory's trichrome stain is effective for connective tissue, Weigert's elastic stain and Orcein stain are used for elastic fibres, Heidenhain's AZAN trichrome stain for distinguishing cells from extracellular components, Silver stain for identification of Reticular fibres, nerve fibres and fungal infections and Wright's stain is suitable for histological tests of blood cells. TheNissl methodandGolgi's methodare widely used for identifyingneurons (15). Conclusion The above discussion covers every section of histological staining regarding the clinical history. Detailed description of special stains and their application is mentioned. The investigative experiments in the histopathological region are very vital to recognize the sensitive cases for patients and accurate test results can ensure a positive treatment. Therefore, the perfect and effective measures with superior quality of result is significant for the ultimate diagnosis conclusion. The crucial zone of analytical histopathology act as a central component for detecting the concluding diagnosis. Though the selection of suitable special stains should be taken earnestly before wasting valuable time, money and more importantly risk the health of the patients. The proper stain selection and systematic mythologies can help the patients in their disease diagnosis and quick recovery. Hence, this report is very essential to advance practical expertise and to achieve greater practice experience about the choice of suitable stains and techniques. References Gray A, Wright A, Jackson P, Hale M, Treanor D. Quantification of histochemical stains using whole slide imaging: development of a method and demonstration of its usefulness in laboratory quality control. Journal of clinical pathology. 2014 Dec 5: jclinpath-2014. Krishna M. Role of special stains in diagnostic liver pathology. Clinical Liver Disease. 2013 Mar 1; 2(S1). Bancroft JD, Layton C. The hematoxylins and eosin. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Expert Consult: Online and Print, 7: Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 2013:173. Dubowitz V, Sewry CA, Oldfors A, Lane RJ. Muscle Biopsy: A Practical Approach, Expert Consult; Online and Print, 4: Muscle Biopsy: A Practical Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013. Reuter VE. Molecular and Immuno-histochemical Markers of. Genitourinary Pathology: Practical Advances. 2015 Mar 16:501 Katz J, Onate MD, Pauley KM, Bhattacharyya I, Cha S. Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of oral science. 2011 Oct; 3(4):209. Hohnholt MC, Geppert M, Dringen R. Treatment with iron oxide nanoparticles induces ferritin synthesis but not oxidative stress in oligodendroglial cells. Acta biomaterialia. 2011 Nov 30; 7(11):3946-54. Sarkar R, Puri P, Jain RK, Singh A, Desai A. Melasma in men: a clinical, aetiological and histological study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2010 Jul 1; 24(7):768-72. Pathmanathan R. Mucosal malignant melanoma of the maxillary sinus. Med J Malaysia. 2010 Sep; 65(3):211. Correa P, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT. Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia: clinical implications. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2010 Mar 1; 105(3):493-8. Carson FL. Histotechnology. American Society of Clini; 2015. Bechtel W, McGoohan S, Zeisberg EM, Mller GA, Kalbacher H, Salant DJ, Mller CA, Kalluri R, Zeisberg M. Methylation determines fibroblast activation and fibrogenesis in the kidney. Nature medicine. 2010 May 1; 16(5):544-50. Raghavendran HR, Srinivasan P, Rekha S. Immunomodulatory activity of fucoidan against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. International immunopharmacology. 2011 Feb 28; 11(2):157-63. Qiu Y, Yang H, Chen H, Ge L, Xu X, Xiong X, He J. Detection of CEA mRNA, p53 and AE1/AE3 in Haematoxylineosin-negative Lymph Nodes of Early-stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer May Improve Veracity of N Staging and Indicate Prognosis. Japanese journal of clinical oncology. 2010 Feb 1; 40(2):146-52.

Business Information Systems Design and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Business Information Systems Design and Implementation. Answer: Introduction: In the provided case scenario, it is observed that the management of August Online Technology has intended to conduct a financial analysis for the next eight years based on its income, expenses and tax among others. There are several indicators to evaluate the future potential of the company among which the outcome of net income after tax can clearly depict the possible profitability in the near future. Analyzing the overall financial performance is the most essential practice that enables the company to not only recognizes its own capability but also helps to compare its financial position with other rival companies as well as the external market requirements (Waghmode Sawant, 2014). Goal Seek Analysis Goal seek analysis is considered to be the most essential practice through which the company can have knowledge regarding the possible practices as per its financial abilities (Waghmode Sawant, 2014). The following pictorial illustration (Figure 1) clearly depicts that the sales of the company is expected to increase within the next eight years with the support of the product X. The annual revenue of the company in the initial year is around $50,373,252, which is expected to increase up to $77,498,088 as shown in the below mentioned diagram. The estimated sales have been calculated based on the total unit sold in the previous years and average sales growth rate comprises of $235,411 and 3.25%. The provided scenario describes that the company has increased the overall sales every year as well as the price of the products are also increased by 3%. Thus, based on these elements, the sales of the next years have been calculated accordingly, which is found to be steadily increasing there by representing higher profitability for the company. Considering the goal-seek analysis, there are certain elements on which the sales growth rate largely depends such as annual price growth, annual sales growth and the previous years sales. Now, in case the average of the annual sales growth rate gets decreased, the revenue or annual sales will also be reduced. For instance, in the Year 6 and Year 7 the company failed to perform due to which the sale growth rate become -2% and -3%. Therefore, the overall sales of the company for Year 7 and Year 8 will be reduced from the estimated figure. The stated fact can be elaborated with the help of the following diagram (Figure 2), wherein it is clearly represented that the sales of Year 7 and Year 8 has been reduced due to the changes made in the average growth rate. Thus, based on the understanding obtained from the goal seek analysis, it can be recommended that the company must require the maintainenance of its estimated growth rate as the minimum point to attain the target sales within the particular period. However, from the diagram (Figure 2), it has also been apparent that after reducing the average growth rate and price increase rate for two years, the company sales still continues to increase in the Year 7, which reduces in the last year. From this instance, it can be assumed that the company has high potential in the near future, as it has the capability to face financial loss without slowing down the sales growth. Evaluation of the Eight-Year Financial Projection Based on the financial performance of the company, it has been apparent that the company can develop its revenue along with higher profitability even in this competitive market (Fridson Alvarez, 2011). The following pictorial illustration (Figure 3) represents the overall financial projection value of the company, which has steadily been increased with time and at the end of eight years the company is expected to earn approximately $23,171,928. Concerning the expenses, advertising the product as shown in the above diagram (Figure 3), cost of web services, maintenance of the production or operation, rent of the corporate space, salaries to the involved workers, cost related to shipping the products to the end users and supply chain expenses are the estimated elements based on which the total expenses has been calculated. All the expenses apart from maintenance are calculated through particular percentages, which have been elaborated below: Advertising expenses calculated as 8% of the annual sales in addition to $1,250 as fixed amount Rent has been provided for the initial year, which is expected to increase every year by 6.5% and add to the amount accordingly The company will pay 12% of the annual sales as salaries for the workers 6% of the annual sales are considered as the shipping cost for carrying the product from the production house to the target market The company will include suppliers to supply the product to the end consumers for which 1.2% of the sales are paid as the supply expenses at the end of the year August Online Technology will also adopt web services to perform several activities such as advertising, research or publishing for which at the initial year the company will include $85,000 and each year 6% of the previous price will be added to the figure Apart from this, the company will pay income tax based on the amount of operating income, wherein in case the figure is less than zero, then no tax will be paid otherwise the company will need to pay 33% of the operating income as income tax The net income of the company has been calculated based on all these expenses and the overall expected sales or the product during this particular period. The following diagram (Figure 4) depicts the projected net income that the company can attain from the product X, which has steadily been increased by the end of the Year 8. Thus, it is apparent that the company can largely concentrate on maintaining the growth rate with the support of developed strategies and well-managed workforce, which will eventually help to provide the estimated outcome at the end of the period. Apart from this, it is also worth mentioning that the company can easily enhance the target arena as it has higher financial capability, and can support to bear the possible loss due to new entrants (Fridson Alvarez, 2011). Improving Marketing Sales The August Online Technology has aimed to enhance the revenue for the product X with the support of new market trends such as internet. Based on the projected financial analysis, it can be stated that the company has high potential in future, as the net income is estimated to increase steadily over the period of time. Therefore, the company can concentrate on enhancing the sales volume of the product by investing in marketing. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that online marketing has become a huge medium for organizations in the present context, wherein through a particular platform the marketers can target the entire global arena (Fang Zhou, 2012). The August Online Technology can also utilize the internet source to market the product X, which will help to make the huge numbers of customers aware of the product, thereby enhancing the overall sales volume. Nowadays, every age group of people prefers to use online sources for obtaining information regarding the products in terms of reviews and customers feedback. Therefore, with the support of the web designer or developer, the company can create an online platform for placing the product in front of the target population. There are several services provided by the companies through online forum in the current market to retain the potential customers (Yannopoulos, 2011). However, parallel to creating a website, the August Online Technology also needs to maintain transparent communication with the customers. The company can develop the website in such a manner through which the customers can provide their feedback or share their experience with the product. This can on one hand help the company to improve the product quality, while on the other hand the customers can also get attracted due to this facility as they are also valued by the management in the decision making. On the other hand, web publishing is also considered to be another suitable activity to attract customers in this world of immense competition. Internet has become a huge part of the daily life schedule of the individuals for which the marketers has also initiated to portray all the required information on the social media website (Fang Zhou, 2012). Taking the reference from the stated fact, August Online Technology can also utilize web publishing as their promotional tool, wherein it will publish all the promotional activities through the company website as well as other social media websites to make the customers aware regarding their new policies or offers. Network Security Risks and Protection Security threat has become the most crucial aspect, which is continuously increasing across the globe and has caused a serious concern for companies to ensure product privacy to the customers (Alabady, 2009). There are numerous threats in security risks or network attacks among which hacking majorly affects the privacy maintenance. Since the company will be maintaining an online platform, it has huge security risks in terms of hacking. Due to the process of hacking, it is possible that the hackers will extract the required information from the company website or the company will not be able to control the website. Apart from this, other security risks include snooping and eavesdropping, which are regarded as the threat to accessing the company secure data by any unauthorized person without the consent of the company management (Padmavathi Shanmugapriya, 2009). While developing online forum or maintaining the platform, August Online Technology needs to concentrate on such aspects to avoid network attacks and ensure security of products to the customers. References Alabady, S 2009, Design and implementation of a network security model for cooperative network, International Arab Journal of e-Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 26-36. Fang, X. Zhou, Y 2012, Internet-future business development focus, American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, vol. 2, pp. 85-88. Fridson, M. S. Alvarez F 2011, Financial statement analysis: A practitioner's guide, John Wiley Sons, United States. Padmavathi, D.G. Shanmugapriya, M 2009, A survey of attacks, security mechanisms and challenges in wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-9. Waghmode, M. L. Sawant, S. B 2014, International journal of advance research in computer science and management studies, International Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 419-423. Yannopoulos, P 2011, Impact of the internet on marketing strategy formulation, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 1-7.

High School Sample Essay - How to Write Your Own High School Essay

High School Sample Essay - How to Write Your Own High School EssayHave you ever taken a high school sample test like the UCLA ACT or SAT and found that they are pretty easy to write? I have written my own high school sample essay, it took me maybe three months to write and I didn't get any A's. But there is no reason why you can't write your own high school sample essay without having to take so much time to write.The only thing you will need to do is decide on a topic for your high school exam and to find a writing style that is going to be good for the multiple choice to essay test. There are several different styles of writing out there that you can use. You just need to figure out which one works best for you.The first thing you want to do is come up with your own high school sample essay. It can be a funny or serious piece, it doesn't really matter. You are trying to use a writing style that is going to make your piece unique.The topic for your essay should be something that has occurred in your life. For example, if you were an athlete, then your essay may be about how you were good at playing sports or something related to the sport.Using this method of writing your high school essay, you will not have to waste any time writing or getting worried about how your essay will turn out. You will write your essay, edit it, and finally get it submitted for your school and college entrance exam.Once you decide on your topic for your high school sample essay, you should research the different styles of writing that are used by other students. A style of writing is going to differ from student to student, and it can be a lot of fun to discover which style you like best. To get started, try reading some essays from other students and see what they have to say about different styles of writing.Using a style of writing is just one part of writing your high school essay. In order to get your paper written well, you need to get your essay draft polished up.

Electrical Engineer For Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Essays -

Electrical Engineer For Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Engineering In shadowing Dave Mcleod, I learned what it is like to be an Electrical Engineer for Uniroyal Goodrich Tire. Typical days for Dave Mcleod consist of eight hours or more depending what he exactly is working on. For right now is job consisting of twelve hours or more, because of the current project he is designing. Engineers have many duties when it comes to meeting a deadline or deadlines. His current deadline is on the project called ?The 4-Roll Calendar Drive Control Retrofit. It starts on December 23, 1999 at 6pm and has to be finished by January 1, 2000 at 7:30am. On the day of December 8, 1999, I visited the Uniroyal Goodrich plant, in which I met with Dave Brenner, Mike Atchley, and Dave Mcleod. These people are very important in the running of this plant. Dave Brenner is the plant manger, Mike Atchley is the operations manager, and Dave Mcleod is on of the head engineers. Meeting these people opened my mind to the tire building process and how it is carried through. Tire's, are not made by just sticking it through one end and out comes the tire on the other side. An Engineer has much to do with the production of a tire. Dave is the designer of the machine that produce the tire, he is the person to call when help is need in completing the tire making process. The duties and responsibilities for this work require electrical design work and the understanding of mechanical work. There is a thirty- percent of circuit diagramming and opponents. Then there is a seventy- percent of computer programming. A possible starting salary for this occupation is 45,000 dollars. An Electrical Engineering major is recommended for this kind of occupation, but you can have a bachelor's degree. Mechanical Engineering is also recommended for this occupation. Dave Mcleod got his current job by starting out as a maintenance manager at the US1 Greenville Plant, now he is currently an electrical engineer at The Uniroyal Goodrich Plant in Fort Wayne. The part Dave Mcleod likes the most is the diversity of what is being worked on and the least liked is the pressure that follows. The percentage of job interaction with other people depends a lot on what he is working on. Other than that, his interaction is a high percent. Advice that Dave gives is for college students who want to get into this field is to co-op and learn the maintenance of electronics. ?You will need to be able to adapt to change,? said Dave Mcleod. Business Reports

Festive Medieval Christmas

Festive Medieval Christmas When the holiday season engulfs us- and as we are subjected to a barrage of sentiment and commercialism (which are often indistinguishable from one another)- simpler days seem so much more attractive, and many of us tend to look to the past. Many of the customs we observe, traditions we practice, and foods we eat today originated in the middle ages. You may already incorporate some of these festivities in your holiday, or perhaps you might like to start a new tradition with a very old one. As you celebrate these customs, remember that they started with a medieval Christmas. A Christmas Carol and a flood of nostalgia for the Victorian era gives us a fairly good idea of what a nineteenth century Christmas was like. But the concept of observing Christs birthday goes back much farther than the nineteenth century. In fact, the origin of the English word Christmas is found in the Old English Cristes Maesse  (mass of Christ), and winter solstice festivities date back to ancient times in all corners of the world. So what was it like to celebrate Christmas in the Middle Ages? Early Medieval Christmas Observances Determining exactly what Christmas was like depends not only on where it was observed, but when. In late antiquity, Christmas was a quiet and solemn occasion, marked by a special mass and calling for prayer and reflection. Until the fourth century, no fixed date had been formally set by the Church- in some places it was observed in April or May, in others in January and even in November. It was Pope Julius I who officially fixed the date at December 25th, and why exactly he chose the date is still not clear. Although it is possible that it was a deliberate Christianization of a pagan holiday, many other factors seem to have come into play. Epiphany or Twelfth Night More commonly (and enthusiastically) celebrated was the Epiphany, or Twelfth Night, celebrated on January 6. This is another holiday whose origins are sometimes lost in the festivities of the moment. It is generally believed that Epiphany marked the visit of the Magi and their bestowal of gifts on the Christ child, but it is more likely that the holiday originally celebrated Christs baptism instead. Nevertheless, Epiphany was much more popular and festive than Christmas in the early middle ages and was a time for the bestowal of gifts in the tradition of the three Wise Men- a custom that survives to this day. Later Medieval Christmas Observances In time, Christmas grew in popularity- and as it did so, many of the Pagan traditions associated with the winter solstice became associated with Christmas as well. New customs particular to the Christian holiday also arose. December 24th and 25th became a time for feasting and socializing as well as a time for prayer.

Social contract theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social contract theory - Essay Example Hobbes explains the social contract as a mutual agreement among the members of society to observe some rules of conduct and give up some freedom for the well being of the society. This paper seeks to explain the relationship between the social contract and the duty to obey laws. Whether we have the moral obligation to obey laws or not has remained a question of contention in the field of philosophy for a considerably long time today. The debate dates back to the days of Plato, through the middle age. There seems to be a great rift in the world of philosophy today concerning the principles behind the obedience of rules. According to morality, which is the obligation for an individual to do that which is right for them, all human beings are morally obliged to obey the law. Going back to the fundamental definition of a contract in any field of study, it is quite obvious that a contract is a give-and take relationship among various parties. This means that, in any form of contract, eithe r party has to sacrifice something to some extent. This is to imply that, for there to exist a legal contract, either party has to agree to the terms and conditions governing the relationship. A social contract is an agreement between the individual and the society or the people. As such, all members of society have to abandon the freedom offered by nature, for there to be a sensible society (Rousseau 28). A society is an organized order made up of individuals, groups and classes of people. The term organized here is used to signify some sort of discipline or structures that govern the events taking place within the society. It is a matter of general understanding that where there is social control, there has to be a sort of an officially authorized framework. Again, for there to be order, all members of society have to follow the rules and regulations keenly and observe every part of the system. It is, therefore, open to see that everyone has the moral obligation to obey rules sinc e, through such rules, control is achieved. Scholars have cited peaceful coexistence as one of the primary reasons why people ought to obey the laws. Thomas Hobbes explains a world with no rules. The image that comes into the mind is one of an anarchical society with no order. Such a society, where freewill and approval are the determinants of what people should do or refrain from doing, is likely to be a world full of confusion and disorder. This is because the wills of different individuals are not identical and for this point, people are likely to clash over various issues. For instance, the instincts of a person could tell him or her that killing yields pleasure. In the absence of laws, such a person would use the logic of his morals and kill others. By all theoretical principles and theories, taking away the life of an individual is morally wrong except for situations in which going by contextual ethics, killing becomes necessary. According to Thomas Hobbes, all members of soci ety are equal if and only if such a society is a controlled and moderated one. He also explains that if nature would be allowed to prevail, balance would be unheard of (Rousseau 32). This is because is a society where nature is the primary force driving the intentions and actions of people, such concepts as survival for the fittest come into the picture. Where survival for the

Significance of Human Resource Development Essay

Significance of Human Resource Development - Essay Example In this regard, organizations have recognized the importance of Human Resource Development as an important strategic partner in the development of its most valuable intangible asset - the human capital (Zula and Chermack, 2007). With the growing number of workers which is likewise intensified by diversity due to the burgeoning population of ‘baby-boomers’ (Waight, 2005), Human Resource Development (HRD) is critically required to address the diverse characteristics and provide a strategic human capital planning (Zula and Chermack, 2007). The following outlines the essence of human resource development being a strategic partner in business organizations. The changing role it portrays from traditional perspective of human resource function to a more decentralized functionality. Its significance in the learning and development of individuals and organizations as well as the emerging trends and future of human resource development is herein provided. As organizations continue to struggle to address the demands of a changing economy and marketplace, whilst finding ways to improve performance of the workforce and in turn enhance financial profitability, HRD is perceived the best source and venue for these changes to take place as prime role of this division is manpower development. In Graham’s (1994) findings, he ascertained that successful health care organizations, despite different approaches and ways of achieving end result, all acknowledged and recognized the significance of human resource dimension. Through well-integrated human resource structure, specifically with the function of human resource development, employee’s skills and abilities are nevertheless extracted to provide utmost value for optimal business profitability. In this sense, the human resource development has emerged as a critical essential feature